Slavery and Racism in Early American History Essay

Slavery and Racism in Early American History - Essay Example The second part of the paper is based on the following sources: Senator Lincoln's speech of September 18, 1858, and Frederick Douglass' 1852 speech, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" In both parts of the paper the following fact is made clear: racism is closely related to slavery; the relationship between these two concepts is so strong that, often, the terms of their interaction are too difficult to be identified. Moreover, the following issue needs to be highlighted: both racism and slavery have been highly developed in America; the intervention of these concepts in the country’s social and political life is still high. The elimination of racism and slavery would be required for securing social justice. The terms of elimination of racism and slavery in America would be differentiated across states because of their different legal framework, at least up to a level, compared to the legal rules of federal government. Racism seems to be well established in the American history. In any case, the historical development of racism has been related to slavery. In order to understand the role of these two concepts in the American history, it would be necessary to refer to the initial perceptions of Englishmen on blacks. According to Winthrop (3) the first visit of Englishmen in West Africa took place about at 1550; it was then that Englishmen had their first contact with blacks (Winthrop 3). However, it seems that at that period, Englishmen did not perceive blacks as potential slaves but rather as buyers of goods (Winthrop 3). This phenomenon continued up to the mid seventieth century (Winthrop 3). However, it seems that the color of natives has attracted the interest of Englishmen (Winthrop 3), meaning that the difference in regard to physical characteristics implied also differences in terms of physical performance. Also, the difference in color implied the existence of other characteristics, meaning especially the dirt (Winthrop 3). It was in this co ntext that the first ideas on the low social status of blacks were developed; the potential use of blacks as slaves followed (Winthrop 3). However, slavery, as a social phenomenon, has not appeared before the 17th century, a period where the initial cases of use of blacks as slaves were reported. Indeed, as Winthrop notes, the enslavement of blacks has started almost since their arrival in America (Winthrop 26). Indeed, the first blacks arrived in Virginia in 1619 (Winthrop 26). A few years later, approximately by 1640, the first signs of enslavement appeared (Winthrop 26). In fact, it is noted that ‘between 1640 and 1660 there is evidence of enslavement’ (Winthrop 26). Reference is made to ‘the statute books of colonies’ (Winthrop 26), as evidence for proving the appearance of slavery in America. Through the decades, slavery was highly expanded across America (Winthrop 148), up to the elimination of the particular phenomenon due to its prohibition by the l aw (Winthrop 148). The term racism, as a term reflecting the rejection of equality among human no matter their physical characteristics (Winthrop 15), has appeared much later, approximately at 1950s (Winthrop 15), a point where the study of Winthrop (15) is aligned with that of Stannard (270). According to the issues discussed above, racism and slavery have been common concepts in American history. At this point, the

Radio Station Interview Essay Example for Free

Radio Station Interview Essay As an AB Communication student, our professor requires us to have a Radio Station Visiting in one of our major subjects. Our professor gave us a set of questions that we need to ask to the DJ there and we prepared two more questions to be asked. We choose 10.1 YES FM as a Radio Station that we will visit. We had an interview with Mr. Richard Sarmiento also known as â€Å"Rico Paňero† who has a radio program every Monday-Friday from 3pm-6pm. We choose Ms.Abegail Lamban, One of our group mates to interview him. Her first question that we asked to him was his perception about radio station organizational structure. His answer was the production staff, traffic that is in charge for the organization of the commercials next is the Production Assistant they are always on the field assist the upcoming events and the last is the Radio Station’s Djs. According to Rico, there are 11 DJs in 101.1 YES FM. Our next question is how we can know the right organizational structure of a radio station when it comes to programming. â€Å"There will be a radio clock headed by a radio clock headed by a radio director who’s responsible for the radio program that they will go to air; they are also in charge on what songs they will play. The program runs by one talk set for each DJ good for five minutes, fifteen minutes are allotted for the radio commercials, ten minutes are for adlibs and forty minutes is for the songs† Rico Paňero answered. The following question that she asked is about the sustainable and functions of Radio Stations. Their transmitters are located near SM Megamall. The person who is in charge in that field is the program director, event manager, technicians and engineers who is in charge for the wirings. He cite some of the situations that they need to function as whole, he shared to us when Nicole Hyala needs a maternity leave they need to buy a lots of gadgets for them to have on air live all the way from Novaliches. In their field of work, there are also misunderstandings between DJs and technicians that can be resolve by a simple talk. The next question is regarding the various radio formats. According to Rico Paňero, only DJ Chico Loco has a radio program title. She also asked him if they are making a way if the listeners are suffering. Their boss arranged the time for them to allow talking. They also read some of the feedbacks especially of it are about their signal as if they don’t have a good signal on that particular location and it sounds like mono that you’re listening to an AM Station. There should be a limit in reading feedbacks and greetings. The fifth question is the Scriptwriting for radio. Rico Paňero said, â€Å"Some of the DJs who made script are the new ones and they need to have a guide on what to say on air†. He also added that you should be prepared of the topic before the microphone went on. According to him, there should be an introduction wherein you need to introduce yourself, you must cite some situation like traffic updates and weather condition. Your topic must be relatable for your listeners and current events or news. Rico Paňero shared to us some of the techniques if you are running out of words you should greet someone or promote some of the endorsements. Our last question that our professor prepared is the techniques in announcing for Radio. Rico Paňero said that you should be prepared of what you are going to say, it should be credible and it is necessary that you have a big voice and projection. My other group mates prepared another three questions for Rico Paňero one of our questions is his opinion about playing OPM songs every hour. â€Å"Majority of our songs that we play in our station is OPM there is no problem about that† Rico Paňero answered. Abegail also asked him why is it that every Sunday, they need to play old songs is it necessary for them to play old songs. â€Å"The elders want the songs that they can easily relate to it and the listeners are also hooked that every Sunday there will be old songs to be played† as Rico Paňero answered. The last question that been asked does the television helped a lot in the music industry of the Philippines. â€Å"The singers or bands get notice not because of the television but because of the radio† Rico Paňero answered confidently. The singers and bands get more famous if they already have an album that can be played in radio. That ended our exciting and very humble interview to him.

The Atom Bomb :: essays research papers fc

The atom bomb is one of the most important discoveries in modern day science. Countless scientists worked relentlessly on the project and their efforts opened the door for present and future exploration of the atom.Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged by Hungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and Edward Teller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purify Uranium-235 which might be used to build an atomic bomb. Shortly after that the United States Government began work on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effort to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. "The first successful experiments in splitting a uranium atom had been carried out in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin" Just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the race was on. Major General Wilhelm D. Styer called the Manhattan Project "the most important job in the war . . . an all-out effort to build an atomic bomb." It turned out to be the biggest development in warfare and science's biggest development this century.The most complicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on the Manhattan Project was the production of ample amounts of enriched uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time, Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about 1/500th of it ended up as Uranium metal. The Uranium metal is relatively rare, occurring in Uranium at a ratio of 1 to 139.Separating the one part Uranium-235 proved to be a challenge. No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238. Scientists at Columbia University solved this difficult problem.A massive enrichment plant was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey and his associates and colleagues at Columbia University designed a system that worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion. After this process was completed, Ernest O. Lawrence from the university of California in Berkeley implemented a process i nvolving magnetic separation of the two isotopes. Finally, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. The Uranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than the Uranium-235. This Uranium was then transported to a laboratory headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project.

A Famous Person

Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (written in Jawi: , born on July 10, 1925). He is well known by â€Å"Dr. M† was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. Using a first name itself, â€Å"Che Det† as a pen name, he has written the first article published by The Straits Times Singapore on July 20, 1947 entitled â€Å"Malay Women Make Their Own Freedom† (Malay Women Creating Your Own Freedom).When the term of his leadership from 16 July 1981 until 31 October 2003, he managed to bring development through policies and planning success inspired other countries to lift Malaysia to the world stage as one of the more viable in Southeast Asia to have named as one of the countries ‘Asian Economic Tiger'. His most memorable effort Malaysia and the international community as to bring Malaysia out of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis in which he rejected the proposal as well as assistance from the IMF funds which he claimed would worsen the crisis.Radical measures taken grea t dikiritik time by many parties, including the IMF itself. In fact, the effort was also criticized even long after the crisis ended in which he expressed criticism and praise is the norm for politicians and it is up to the assessment of any party. He is a political figure who is vocal on international issues until there is a spark controversy. He supports â€Å"Market Economic System† control as an alternative to â€Å"Private Economic System† and generally rejected the â€Å"Free Market† (laissez-faire).Style rule Dr. He also often labeled as autocratic criticized by various parties, including the body and the international media (eg, title of the article about his retirement by The New York Times concluded his autocratic nature throughout his political career), especially berhubunng Security Act which he explained as a precaution taken only at the insistence of the time (he accepted and rejected explanation readers with different arguments).Besides, he could not escape the accusation of cronyism, as other leaders in the world. Among the high-profile projects (also called ‘mega-projects') developed at the time of administration, including the Penang Bridge, the Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), and the Administrative Center Putrajaya International Circuit Sepang.Retired in October 2003, Dr Mahathir was awarded the Decoration Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara which carries the title Tun. He was also named as the â€Å"Father of Modernisation Malaysia† for successfully developing Malaysia into a new industry respected country among developing countries. Period of 22 years as prime minister as a leader made him the second longest in office is in Southeast Asia after President Suharto of Indonesia. A Famous Person Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (written in Jawi: , born on July 10, 1925). He is well known by â€Å"Dr. M† was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. Using a first name itself, â€Å"Che Det† as a pen name, he has written the first article published by The Straits Times Singapore on July 20, 1947 entitled â€Å"Malay Women Make Their Own Freedom† (Malay Women Creating Your Own Freedom).When the term of his leadership from 16 July 1981 until 31 October 2003, he managed to bring development through policies and planning success inspired other countries to lift Malaysia to the world stage as one of the more viable in Southeast Asia to have named as one of the countries ‘Asian Economic Tiger'. His most memorable effort Malaysia and the international community as to bring Malaysia out of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis in which he rejected the proposal as well as assistance from the IMF funds which he claimed would worsen the crisis.Radical measures taken grea t dikiritik time by many parties, including the IMF itself. In fact, the effort was also criticized even long after the crisis ended in which he expressed criticism and praise is the norm for politicians and it is up to the assessment of any party. He is a political figure who is vocal on international issues until there is a spark controversy. He supports â€Å"Market Economic System† control as an alternative to â€Å"Private Economic System† and generally rejected the â€Å"Free Market† (laissez-faire).Style rule Dr. He also often labeled as autocratic criticized by various parties, including the body and the international media (eg, title of the article about his retirement by The New York Times concluded his autocratic nature throughout his political career), especially berhubunng Security Act which he explained as a precaution taken only at the insistence of the time (he accepted and rejected explanation readers with different arguments).Besides, he could not escape the accusation of cronyism, as other leaders in the world. Among the high-profile projects (also called ‘mega-projects') developed at the time of administration, including the Penang Bridge, the Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), and the Administrative Center Putrajaya International Circuit Sepang.Retired in October 2003, Dr Mahathir was awarded the Decoration Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara which carries the title Tun. He was also named as the â€Å"Father of Modernisation Malaysia† for successfully developing Malaysia into a new industry respected country among developing countries. Period of 22 years as prime minister as a leader made him the second longest in office is in Southeast Asia after President Suharto of Indonesia.

Illusion vs. Reality A Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Tennessee Williams uses the constant battle between illusion and reality as a theme throughout his play A Streetcar Named Desire. Many use illusion to escape the reality they are living in. This theme is present in all of his characters in different ways. Each character is shown to live their life in either the way of illusion or reality. Harold Mitchell, also known as Mitch buys into Blanches illusions. He is overtaken by her charm, but in the end finally faces reality. Stella who is Blanches sister is always wishing for everything to be perfect with her and Stanley even though he abuses her. She overlooks Stanley’s downfalls to escape her reality. Blanche is the center of all illusion. She fishes for complements and believes she is a step up from all people. Lying to herself and to others allows her to make it seem as if her life appears as it should be rather than how it is. To Blanche the loss of Bell Reve was as dramatic as if she lost her castle. Because of this she pretends that her life in Laurel didn’t occur. She cannot stand the light because she is living in fear that people will notice that she is older and is in denial about it. Each of these characters show how powerful illusion can be. Williams includes specific situations where illusion is portrayed. Such as, in Blanche and Mitch’s relationship. Blanche wants Mitch to want her and creates illusion of what she should be. From this she wants to seem more appealing and lies about her age to him and hides in the darkness she he will not see her clearly. Blanche owns a costume trunk filled with things that are dear to her. Meanwhile, they have no true value. She wears the crown she owns with the costume jewelry and goes through moments where she can pretend she lives the life of a princess to escape reality. Shep Huntleigh is a rich character who works in the oil business whom we never truly find out exists. To Blanche he is a man who she made an escape plan for him to take her and Stella away to Miami. Stella doesn’t want to leave because she thinks Stanley her husband is true to her. In all of these instances illusion plays a key role in a way for the characters to do away with the lives they do not want to be living. Although, not all characters are living in illusion Tennessee Williams does include some who face reality. Stanley Kowalski, Stella’s husband, is strictly a reality based character. He is constantly looking into Blanches real past. He sees through all of her illusions and wants the truth to things. This is proved in the rape scene when Stanley turns Blanche into the victim as she had made herself out to be throughout the play. Eunice the character who lives in the upstairs of the house with the Kowalski’s. She knows how untrue Stanley is to Stella and is always telling her to face reality and not put up with how she is treated like garbage from him. Towards the end of the play Mitch finally overlooks Blanches illusions and begins to question her by telling her how he has never seen her in the light and asks her age. Mitch’s sick mother helps to keep him focused in the real things in his life by having him put aside all other things to take care of the one who cared for him. Escaping your reality and living in an illusion world will leave you blind to the things around you. In some cases, if you are strong enough to withhold from the illusions around you, you may end up in the reality, like Mitch. Both Stella and Blanche found it best in their minds to live in a fantasy but if you live in it too long it can take over your reality.

Environmental impacts of batteries Essay Example

Environmental impacts of batteries Essay Example Environmental impacts of batteries Essay Environmental impacts of batteries Essay lithium-ion and lead-based cells. C-rate C-rate is the measuring of the charge and dispatch current of a cell. Almost all movable cells are rated at 1 Coulomb ( 1C ) . This means that a 1000mAh battery, if discharged at 1C, would give 1000mA for one hr. The same applies if the discharge was halved ( 0.5C ) this would supply half the sum of current ( 500mA ) for twice the continuance ( 2 hours ) . A 1C cell is referred to as an hr discharge, the most common portable cell we have is the 20-hour Lead-based discharge cells ( 0.05C ) found in autos. Lead-Acid Cells The C-rate of a lead-acid cell is non set to a changeless like other cells, as accomplishing 100 % electrical capacity at any discharge rate is hard. The beginning is done in order to counterbalance for the varying measurings at the differing currents ; automatically seting the capacity of the cell is discharged at a higher/lower C-rate than originally thought. Portable lead-based cells are rated at 0.05C given a 20-hour discharge. The beginning is represented in Peukert s jurisprudence. Peukert s jurisprudence: represents the electrical capacity of a lead-acid cell in footings of C-rate. As the rate of discharge additions, the battery s available capacity lessenings and vice-versa. Fast and decelerate discharging/recharging of a lead-acid cell At the beginning of when a lead-acid cell is charged or discharged, the chemicals present in the acid electrolyte at the point between the positive and negative electrodes ( the interface ) are affected. The alteration in these chemicals, consequences in a charge that is formed at the interface. This interface charge finally spreads throughout the active stuff in the volume. Fast bear downing a wholly discharged cell for a twosome of proceedingss causes the charge to develop near the interface of the battery, when left for continuance of clip ( Â ± a twosome of hours ) the charge spreads throughout the volume of the cell, intending the interface charge of the cell is excessively low for the cell to really work. Likewise, if the cell is discharged rapidly it will look to be dead but it has merely lost its interface charge. Meaning after a few proceedingss wait, it should be able to work. If the battery is charged easy, over a long continuance of clip, so it will go more to the full charged ( than that of a fast charge ) . This is as a consequence of the interface charge holding more clip to redistribute itself into the volume of the electrodes and acerb electrolyte, every bit good as itself ( the interface charge ) being recharged. In add-on, if the cell is being discharged easy, so when the battery appears to be has died it most likely has been to the full discharged. Depth of discharge of Lead-acid batteries The deepness of discharge ( DOD ) of a cell is the per centum of the battery s current that it is discharged per hr. The optimal temperature a battery should be charged/discharged is around 25 A ; deg ; C ( 77 A ; deg ; F ) , anything higher and up until 50 A ; deg ; C ( 122 A ; deg ; F ) , is tolerable. The rhythm life of lead-acid batteries is precisely relative to the deepness of its discharges. Â ±200 rhythms after battery discharged to the full ( 100 % DOD ) Â ±500 rhythms after battery partial discharge ( 50 % DOD ) 1000+ rhythms after battery shallowly discharged ( DOD ) Lead-acid batteries are charged non be discharged over 1.75V/cell, nor should it be stored in a dismissed province. The cells of a dismissed lead-acid sulphate, a status that renders the battery useless if left in that province for a few yearss. Always keep the unfastened terminal electromotive force at 2.10V and higher. Charge and discharging of lithium- ion cells Dispatching Lithium-ion batteries merely works within the temperature bound of -20 A ; deg ; C to 60 A ; deg ; C ( -4 A ; deg ; F to 140 A ; deg ; F ) . The chemical reaction is reversed within the battery and the current flow is carried from the negative to the positive electrode by the motion of Li+ ions, through the non-aqueous electrolyte. The rhythm life of lithium-ion batteries is straight related to the battery s deepness of discharge, the higher the capacity of discharge, the less figure of rhythms it can travel through. Charging Lithium-ion cells requires an external electrical power beginning ( courser ) that applies a higher electromotive force but of equal difference ( usually 4.05V/cell ) to that developed by the battery s ain chemical science. This causes the current to flux in the opposite way, intending the Li ions migrate from the cathode to the anode, and they become intercalated in the porous electrode stuff of the cell, thereby refilling its charge. Charge and discharge rhythms in nickel- based batteries ( NiCd A ; NiMH ) The dependability every bit good as length of service of Nickel-based batteries flexible joints, preponderantly, on the quality of the courser. Nickel- based cells should ever stay cool when being charged as elevated temperatures shortens battery life. A rise in temperature can non be avoided due to the chemical reaction in the nickel-based cells, yet in order to be charged decently the spike in temperature has to be every bit short as possible. If the temperature of the battery remains higher than room temperature for an ample sum of clip, the battery should be removed, as it is non being charged right Nickel-based batteries can be charged at several different rates utilizing a assortment of coursers: Slow courser of nickel- based cells take between 14-16 hours at a fixed charge of 0.1C ( 1/10 of Ni cells 1C capacity ) this nevertheless causes crystalline formation within the cell, this causes the subsequent bead in electromotive force at that point in its charge rhythm where reloading began, as if the cell is being discharged Rapid Charger of nickel-based cells takes between 3-6 hours to to the full bear down, this courser switches the cell to dribble charge ( bear downing with a really little current ) when it is ready. Fast courser of nickel-based cells takes about one hr to bear down the battery ; this is the preferable manner to bear down nickel-based cells as it reduces crystalline formation or memory within the battery nevertheless, the battery is at a higher hazard of overcharging, which can damage the battery. However all new Nickel-based batteries should be trickle-charged for a twenty-four hours before being used as this ensures that all cells are every bit charged within the battery. Nickel Metal-hydride hitter The bear downing electromotive force of NiMH ranges between 1.4-1.6 V/cell to the full charged and 1.25 V/cell during discharge, down to about 1.0-1.1 V/cell Nickel Cd battery The bear downing electromotive force of NiCd is between 1.3 -1.4V per cell when to the full charged and about 0.8-1 V when discharged If the nickel-based batteries are discharged at a rate higher than 1c, the terminal of discharge point is lower than 0.9V a cell. This compensates for the electromotive force bead at higher temperatures induced by the internal opposition of the cell besides other factor which contribute to the bead ( iring, contact etc ) the lower point produces better capacity readings for the nickel-based cells when dispatching at lower temperatures. South African companies that manufacture batteries The Willard Battery Company is a to the full owned South African company that manufactures motor vehicle batteries and is located in Roodepoort, Port Elizabeth. The chief types of cell they manufacture are SLI lead-acid batteries for usage in powering the starter motor, visible radiations, and the ignition system of a auto s engine. First National battery is a battery maker that came approximately after the amalgamation of four smaller battery-manufacturing companies ( First national battery, Raylight, Oldham and Chloride ) . Their chief merchandises are SLI lead-acid batteries used in vehicles ( rider and commercial ) , mono-block lead-alloy batteries used in railroads, lead-alloy cells ( deep-cycle, RR, tubular and Solar ) used for as standby modesty batteries in marine vehicles and every bit good solar batteries. Deltec Power Distributors is a South African distributer of a broad assortment local and internationally produced high quality Lead-calcium auto batteries and standalones, since 1979. SABAT Batteries is portion of Powertech Batteries, a subdivision of the Altron Group South Africa. SABATS s chief operations include the industry and distribution of lead-acid cells, low-maintenance intercrossed lead-calcium cells, and maintenance-free Ca and normal Ca batteries Dixon Premium batteries is South African company founded in 1953 and is based in Vereeninging Johannesburg. Their chief merchandise is a 12-volt SMF lead-acid cell for usage in motor ( and/or other ) vehicles. Free Start Power is a Local company that manufactures SLI lead-acid batteries for the usage in vehicles ( commercial, rider and aquatic ) The Most Popular Types of Battery: The three most common and more popularly used types of batteries are the lithium-ion battery ( illustrations are in notebook computing machines and medical devices ) , nickel-based batteries ( such as in two way-radios and power-tools in the nickel-cadmium battery and laptop computing machines and nomadic phones in the nickel-metal-hydride battery ) , and of class the lead-acid battery ( largely found in wheelchairs, exigency illuming system and autos ) . Nickel-cadmium Battery: The nickel-cadmium battery consists of a Ni ( III ) oxide- hydrated oxide ( Ni ( OH ) 3 ) home base as the positive electrode ( the cathode ) , a Cd home base as the negative electrode ( the anode ) and an alkalic electrolyte normally made from K hydrated oxide ( KOH ) . There is besides a centrifuge that isolates the two electrode home bases. These are all rolled into a coiling form and enclosed in a shell utilizing a metal, self-sealing home base ( known as the jelly-roll design ) . This original cell design is what differentiates the nickel-cadmium battery from the older, more traditional alkaline cell. The construction of the nickel-cadmium cell allows more of the electrode to be in contact with the electrolyte, therefore take downing the internal opposition of the battery and increasing the maximal current that can be delivered, whereas in the alkaline cell a black lead rod is placed in a shell filled with the electrolyte, ensuing in a much smaller country of the electrode being in contact with the electrolyte. In a nickel-cadmium battery, the chemical reactions are as follows: Nickel electrode ( cathode ) : 2NiO ( OH ) + 2H2O + 2e? 2Ni ( OH ) 2 + 2OH? Cadmium electrode ( anode ) : Cd + 2OH? Cadmium ( OH ) 2 + 2e? Therefore, the net reaction in the cells of a nickel-cadmium battery is: 2NiO ( OH ) + Cd + 2H2O 2Ni ( OH ) 2 + Cd ( OH ) 2 When a nickel-cadmium cell is tested on a device such as a cell phone, it typically produces a really low internal opposition: approximately 155 milli-Ohms ( m? ) . This opposition is mostly affected by the province of charge the battery is in. The opposition is highest during two phases: when there is a low charge and instantly after bear downing. Therefore, the maximal possible current is really achieved after a period of remainder after the battery has been charged, with the internal opposition changing between 100 to 200 milli-Ohms, with the cell emf runing from 0.0 to 1.3V. Both the maximal current and the capacity of this cell are influenced by the internal opposition. As antecedently stated, the low opposition means that the nickel-cadmium cell can bring forth rather a high maximal current. The secondary cells that make up the nickel-cadmium battery each have a capacity of about 1.2 Volts ; hence a standard battery with a 7.2V capacity ( 6 cell battalion ) should bring forth around a 900 ma current without decreasing for a long period of clip. This ability of the battery to supply a high current for drawn-out periods makes it one of the most popular battery types. Nickel-metal-hydride Battery: The chief ( and perchance most separating ) difference between the nickel-metal-hydride battery and the nickel-cadmium battery is that the nickel-metal-hydride does nt utilize any toxic metals. Where the nickel-cadmium battery uses Cd to organize the hydrogen-absorbing anode, this battery uses an electrode made from a metal-hydride, typically an alloy mixture of Lanthanum, Ce, Nd, Pr and possible other rare-earth elements, every bit good as a metal that is normally cobalt, nickel, manganese and/or aluminum. This makes the metal-hydride anode an intermetallic compound. Lithium-ion Battery: The lithium-ion battery is one of the newest and fastest developing engineerings in the battery universe. As this cell was introduced to the populace shortly after the nickel-metal-hydride battery, some believe that the nickel-metal-hydride cell was a important measure in the development of the lithium-ion cell. In a lithium-ion cell, the electrodes ( anode and cathode ) are made from compounds which lithium can travel through. When Li is moved into the electrode it is called migration ; when it moves out it is called extraction. The motion of the Li, via the electrolyte, between the anode and the cathode depends on whether the cell is bear downing or dispatching. The ground lithium-ion is used alternatively of Li metal is that Li metal is extremely unstable when used in the batteries discharge and recharge rhythms, doing it really insecure for conventional usage. Therefore, this battery is a non-metallic battery. Lead-acid Battery: As the name suggests, this type of battery consists of two substances: Lead and an acid. There are two types of solid lead in the battery which form the two electrodes. The negative electrode ( anode ) is made from pure lead ( Pb ) while the positive electrode ( cathode ) is made from lead dioxide ( PbO2 ) . It is of import to retrieve that lead has an oxidization figure of 0, while lead dioxide is +4, as it is the alteration in these Numberss due to the reaction in the cells that will do a flow of electricity. The acid in the battery forms the electrolyte. This acid is the compound Sulfuric Acid ( H2SO4 ) , which is besides assorted with H2O ( H2O ) . This acid remains in the ionized signifier of two H+ protons and an SO42- ion. This is due to the fact that Sulfuric Acid will merely lose one of its protons when it comes into contact with the H2O, salvaging the other for reaction with the lead on either electrode. When the two electrodes are placed into the electrolyte and the circuit is completed, both electrodes will get down to organize a coating of lead sulphate ( PbSO4 ) around the original compound. Therefore, we can pull up the half reactions that define the chemical procedure in a lead-acid battery. A typical, conventional lead-acid battery consists of a 6V battalion, i.e. the battery has 6 cells in it, with each cell holding a capacity of 2 Volts ( voltage is equal to about 2.041 V in each cell ) . The internal opposition depends on the maximal electromotive force that is presently fluxing through the battery. In a to the full charged 12.6 Volt lead-acid battery, the internal opposition is about 10 milliohms. This really low opposition consequences in the high maximal current that the battery can bring forth. However, unlike the nickel-cadmium battery, it can merely bring forth this current for a really limited sum of clip ( 200 to 300 rhythms ) , after which the current will get down to decrease and internal opposition will get down to increase. The opposition is besides affected by the figure of cells in the battery, i.e. the more cells, the higher the joint internal opposition. The most common application of the lead-acid battery is the auto battery, besides known as a lead- acid collector. This type of battery ( normally 6V or 12V ) uses a dynamo to reload the battery and shop energy while the auto is turned off, so that it does nt run level. The Recycling and Disposal of Battery Components: Chelsey Moubray An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to change over stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Where make you utilize batteries? Batteries form an indispensable portion of mundane life. As consumers, we make regular usage of these electrical units to execute a assortment of different things. When talking about little electronic points, batteries are the most common systems that are used to power things such as cameras, cellular phones, tickers, laptops, remotes, most torchs and many other family points. Every auto is powered by an electrical auto battery that enables mobility and these batteries are considered one of the most of import intents of batteries. Alkaline batteries are used to power these monolithic auto batteries every bit good as wirelesss, carbon-zinc batteries for kids s drama playthings and torches. Lithium is chiefly used in batteries for things such as your camera, a reckoner or your ticker but sometimes quicksilver is besides used for these assorted points. Mercury is besides used for hearing AIDSs, which are besides powered by Ag and Zn batteries. Batteries are a really of import constituent in our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives. To set it merely, they make everything a batch easier for us. Introducing a whole new spectrum of electronic contraptions and equipment, we have easier ways to listen to music, cognize the clip, travel faster and even listen without excessively much trouble. To put to death these maps we need to take between two types of batteries that are used today ; Primary Batteries and Secondary Batteries. A Primary battery is more normally known as a disposable battery and can be used for portable devices that demand an immediate and direct current when switched on. The advantage for places is that these batteries are easy accessed but can merely be used one time and must be thrown off after. The other battery is non merely a better option for families but is besides a healthier option for the environment* . These Secondary batteries are besides know as rechargeable batteries, and must be charged earlier usage. These batteries can be used many times, as they are rechargeable and execute the same occupation as a Primary battery. In decision, we use batteries in many different countries but chiefly to power points that are a major portion of mundane life. Like we are dependent on our autos and our tickers for the clip, we are hence dependent on batteries. They form a big intent in our lives and must utilize safely. In order to verify this safety we must larn to dispose of our batteries right. How make you dispose of batteries? To get down with, there are few standard processs that should be followed when covering with batteries. Never dispose of batteries in a fire beginning because it is likely that they will detonate. Make certain neer to put batteries in a group because if they contain even a little sum of power, when banged together they may let go of a charge that could ensue in them catching fire which can hold annihilating consequences. When it is evident that a battery can no longer power its contraption, it must be removed instantly because it may leak. And in conclusion, neer place a battery in a pocket because it may split and do another escape. The first measure to the equal disposal of a battery is to put a powerless battery in some kind of container until you can right recycle it. Every battery is now considered to be risky waste. Because they contain really toxic metals such as Mercury, they have been classified as unsuitable to be thrown off as standard municipal solid waste. Batteries are non to be placed in communal dumps because there is a opportunity that these toxic metals can hold a serious and ageless consequence on the environing environment. * Some of the batteries that are required to be accurately disposed of are batteries that can be found in ; power tools, Mobiles, assorted proctors, portable lamps, fact-finding electronic cogwheel, torchs etc. The new disposal demand applies to all types and all sizes of batteries, including but non limited to: Alkaline, Nickel metal hydride ( Ni-MH ) , Nickel-cadmium ( Ni-Cd ) , Silver button ( Ag ) , Mercury ( Hg ) , sealed lead acid ( Pb ) , Wet lead acid, Carbon-zinc, and Lithium Ion. There are a figure of standard alkaline batteries that are non classified as harmful and can be thrown off as regular family waste but it is recommended for the batteries incorporating Li, mercuric, oxide, nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride and Ag oxide to be recycled. Most recycling countries contain a section for electrical batteries but it is best to reach your municipality to happen out where most suited to travel. As the celebrated Duracell battery company stated, Proven cost-efficient and environmentally safe recycling procedures are non yet universally available for alkalic batteries. Some communities offer recycling or aggregations of alkalic batteries- contact your local authorities for disposal patterns in your country. Impact of Batteries: What is the impact of batteries on world? Clearly there is both an inexorable negative and positive impact of batteries on world. The basic positive impact is that everything is a batch easier for worlds. There are legion activities that have been made possible for us through the creative activity of batteries. For illustration: Car Batteries: Car batteries have made mobility possible. Without this innovation we would neer be able to depend on such a dependable, easy accessible and speedy signifier of conveyance. The debut of cars has made a enormously positive impact on human sort. Proctors: There are assorted types of proctors that are used today, one of the most common being the standard infirmary bosom proctor. These proctors are responsible for maintaining people alive. As a beginning of instruction and scrutiny, these have formed an improbably critical portion of the medical universe. Watchs: Without batteries we would neer hold portable redstem storksbills that can be used to easy entree the clip. Although non a compulsory indispensable, tickers have been said to be one of the most of import constructs on a little graduated table. As mentioned in the old subdivision, there are 100s of other manufactured electronic creative activities that have been made possible by the debut of batteries. These creative activities have formed a critical portion in world development over the last few decennaries. Without the constitution of batteries, the mechanical universe would neer hold progressed and reached the critical degree that it has reached. Enabling immense scientific discoveries and finds, batteries have formed the foundation blocks of our society and go on to enable extended surveies and research. Although batteries have facilitated a big scope of finds and activities, they besides have a negative impact on world. One of the most outstanding negative impacts is the dependence on electronic contraptions. As a embryologic universe we have developed over many centuries, get downing with a really rural province and turning into a mechanical industrial universe extremely dependent of engineering. Included in this engineering is the battery. As said earlier, as one of the foundation blocks of society, communities have become mostly dependent on batteries for necessities such as transit and work, but besides less indispensable activities including amusement and leisure. As a planetary community we have survived in fortunes far more utmost than today without the aid of batteries and futuristic engineering, so it is apparent that although accommodating, batteries can be considered unneeded and therefore can be seen as a negative impact of world. The 2nd more outstanding negative impact of batteries is their increasing injury to the environment. What is the impact of batteries on the environment? Unfortunately the effects of batteries on the environment are negative. As batteries are burned they pollute every bit good as vaporise the air. When they are released into the ocean they pollute our seas and as they are thrown into dump countries their toxic ingredients are left to ooze into the dirt doing monolithic and annihilating harm to our natural eco system. The toxins in these batteries that are leached into the land when inadequately diposed of can pollute works and carnal life every bit good as land H2O for up to 50 old ages. This ageless rhythm of taint causes a immense disturbance in our environments natural nutrient concatenation and web. When consumed, these toxic chemicals are highly damaging to worlds, workss and animate beings. Childs are extremely affected by this procedure, and are most susceptible to damage. Often the consequences of this consumption are disquieted cardinal nervous systems, psychological lack and acquisition disablements. The exposure to these unsafe chemicals has a drawn-out consequence on the environment. Because any chemical or metal is potentially unsafe, they should neer be deposited in the land. Harmonizing to an independent Gallic survey commissioned by rechargeable battery maker, Uniross, it is stated that by replacing disposable batteries with rechargeable batteries we can extinguish 99000 metric tons waste in Europe and 330 00 metric tons worldwide. The usage of disposable batteries is a go oning factor of planetary heating. Disposable batteries take up 23 times more no-renewable resources doing them a outstanding facet of clime alteration. These batteries besides have a big impact on air acidification. This means that these batteries contribute to the physique up of souring substances in the atoms in suspension in the ambiance. This accretion is formed as rain and has a strong negative influence on dirts and ecosystems. The three worst chemical toxins found in batteries are lead, Cd and quicksilver. These have the worst consequence on the environment. Through the equal disposal of batteries, we can successfully construct up on a healthy ecosystem. It is said that every individual battery that is disposed of in an wrong manner will stop up in leaching into the land effecting and full concatenation of being finally set uping yourself. Decision: In decision, it is safe to state that, in reply to our research inquiry, there is no 1 battery that is superior to all others. Batteries are designed for specific intents ; hence each battery is different in their features and is suited for a certain undertaking. For illustration, a lead-acid collector in a auto could non be used in a torch like a nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal-hydride battery. Although some batteries may be more powerful in footings of current or opposition, it is merely because the usage of that battery requires those qualities. In footings of environmental and human impact, it seems that all batteries are harmful if non disposed of decently and safely, although some may be more harmful than others depending on the toxicity of the metals involved in fabricating it. Reference list: Luca Miceli: Willard- the power of technology.2009 proficient Info ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.willard.co.za/wcontent.nsf/techinfo? openpage 22/02/2010 Willard- the power of technology.2010 Company history ( Online ) Available: www.willard.co.za/wcontent.nsf/history? openpage 22/02/2010 First National Battery- through caring we lead.2004-2009 Merchandises and their utilizations ( online ) Available: www.battery.co.za 22/02/2010 Dixon Premium batteries.2009. Company profile ( online ) Available: www.dixonbatteries.co.za 22/02/2010 Sabat- it starts s with Sabat! 2009. SABAT-About Us ( online ) Available: www.sabat.co.za 22/02/2010 Freestart power. 2005 Freestart- Company Home ( online ) Available: www.freestart.co.za 22/02/2010 Deltec power Distributors PTY LTD. 2009.Deltec-Home ( online ) Available: www.deltecpower.co.za 22/02/2010 Battery Charger. 2010. Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_charger. 23/02/2010 Charging and dispatching rhythms in rechargeable batteries. 2010. Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Rechargeable_battery # Charging_and_discharging. 23/02/2010 Electricity in batteries. 2010.Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_ ( electricity ) 23/02/2010 Lithium-ion Cell. 2010. Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion 23/02/2010 Nickel-metal hydride battery. 2010. Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_battery 23/02/2010 Nickel-Cadmium battery. 2010. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( online ) Available: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium 23/02/2010 Lead-acid cell.2010. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( online ) Available: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid cell 23/02/2010 Charging Nickel based batteries. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-11.htm 24/02/2010 Charging Lithium-ion batteries. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-12.htm 24/02/2010 Charging Lead-acid batteries. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-13.htm 24/02/2010 Charging at high and low temperatures. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-14.htm 24/02/2010 How to bear down when to bear down tabular array. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-14A.htm 24/02/2010 Dispatching at high and low temperature. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-15.htm 24/02/2010 Discharge methods ( online ) 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-16.htm 24/02/2010 Calculating the battery runtime. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-16a.htm 24/02/2010 Benjamin Traub: Nickel-cadmium Battery. 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_battery 09/03/2010 Nickel-metal Hydride Battery. 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_battery 09/03/2010 Lithium-ion Battery. 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery # Electrochemistry 09/03/2010 Electrochemistry of Lead Acid cell. 2006. Engineers Edge-Solutions by Design ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineersedge.com/battery/electrochemistry_lead_acid_battery_cell.htm 09/03/2010 How Batteries Work: The Lead Acid Accumulator Reactions. 2010. Green-Planet-Solar-Energy.com ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/how-batteries-work.html 12/03/2010 Impedance extremums of certain nickel/cadmium cells at low states-of-charge. 1992 M.S. Suresh and S. Sathyanarayana. NuMat 2010: the Nuclear Materials Conference ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B6TH1-43MH70Y-P8 A ; _user=10 A ; _coverDate=02 % 2F29 % 2F1992 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=search A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _acct=C000050221 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=10 A ; md5=efee69aae0bf1188ef31a4bb73e02e0b 15/03/2010 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries. 2009. Electropaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mpoweruk.com/nimh.htm 15/03/2010 Battery public presentation as a map of cycling. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.batteryuniversity.com/parttwo-36.htm 16/03/2010 Is lithium-ion the ideal battery? .2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-5.htm 16/03/2010 How does the internal battery opposition affect public presentation? .2003-2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-22.htm 16/03/2010 Lead Acid Batteries. 2009. BigginHill ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bigginhill.co.uk/batteries.htm 17/03/2010 Chelsey Moubray: Importance of batteries. 2005 2010. Articlesbase, Free Online Articles Directory ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/importance-of-batteries-1477480.html Battery ( electricity ) . 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_ % 28electricity % 29 Environment, Health and Safety Disposal of Batteries. 2002. University of California, San Diego ( UCSD ) ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //adminrecords.ucsd.edu/Notices/2002/2002-04-16-02.html How do I Dispose of Batteries? 2010. wiseGeek.com ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-dispose-of-batteries.htm Batteries. 2009. Smart Cape-Home ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smartcape.org.za/learner-support/responses/natural-sciences/batteries.html ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //mybroadband.co.za/news/Hardware/270.html The Effects of Non-Disposable Batteries on the Environment. 2007 Jason Petrina. ArticleClick.com ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articleclick.com/Article/The-Effects-of-Non-Disposable-Batteries-on-the-Environment/936437 The environmental impact of disposable versus re-chargeable batteries for consumer usage. 2006 David Parsons. SpringerLink ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.springerlink.com/content/r104g3640u736674/ Battery Recycling and Disposal Guide for Households. 2010. Environmental Health and Safety Online ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehso.com/ehsshome/batteries.php

The statue of liberty essays

The statue of liberty essays One of the most noticeable things that you see when you are entering the New York harbor is the enormous Statue of Liberty. It was given to us by the French as a symbol of friendship, however, there is great meaning to the statue. Over the years, Lady Liberty has been a symbolic icon to people all over the world. To some people, her presence means freedom and a new beginning. During the American Revolution, America probably would not have been able to conquer the British and gain freedom without the help of the French. The French helped plenty by supplying the U.S. with plenty of money, ships, weapons and soldiers to fight against the British. Almost 100 years after the war, the French decided that they had a great deal in common with the US and wanted something to symbolize their close historic ties and their passion for freedom and liberty. During that time, the U.S. and France were even called The Two Sisters. So, because of the close bond between the two countries, the French decided that it would be a great idea to show the United States that they are close allies and exemplify the fact that they were also dedicated to the idea of human liberty. There was a great deal of work that was put into creating the statue. The French hired Frederic Auguste Bartholdi to sculpt the statue. He was born into a middle class family on August 2, 1834 and wa s raised by his mother Charlotte. Many people believe that the idea of Lady Liberty came from Charlotte and others believe that the inspiration came from a previous project he was working on that never got completed. To this day, the sculptors true inspiration remains a mystery. The statue was to be a joint effort between the French and the Americans. It was set so that the Americans were to be in charge of creating the pedestal and the French would be in charge of Lady Liberty herself. However, money was an issue for both of the c...

8+ Free Old Official SAT Practice Tests

8+ Free Old Official SAT Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In March2016, the SAT underwent a completeredesign, concentrating more on testing reasoning skills than on obscure vocabulary knowledge. So how do you study for theSAT now thatthere just aren't that many practice tests available? After all, there’s nothing quite like taking actual official SAT tests to get you ready for the real thing. The good news is that many of the questions that appeared on the old SAT format are still completely relevant and a great resource for practicing your skills! In this article, I'll tell you all about which old-format questions to seek out and which to skip. Then I'll give you a huge list of the best places to find free official SAT tests to use for studying. Feature Image:Ed Schipul/Wikipedia What’s the Difference Between the â€Å"Old† and New SAT? Big-Picture Changes The SAT no longer tests your knowledge and skills in isolation. Instead, the College Board has madecontext and reasoning matter much more for questions. For example, instead of testing whether you know a grammar rule by giving you several unrelated sentences, multiple grammar questions now come from a single passage. Also, there areno â€Å"trick† questions - in other words, questionswith purposefully confusing wording meant totrip you up even if you did actually know the skill being tested. To see a detailed explanation of all the changes, check out our extensive guide to the new SAT. Small-Scale Changes On a more granular level, although each SAT section has been redesigned, different sections have been changedin different degrees.This is great news!For many new SAT sections, old SAT question are still a relevant and useful study resource. In the restof the article, I will go through each section and explain which old SAT questions you can use to study. But first, I have some general advice about how to get the most benefit out of the old SAT as you prepare for your SAT exam. It's the small things that make up the big things. Like the yellow flowers in that bouquet. (E.mil.mil/Wikipedia) Can You Really Use the Old SAT to Study for the CurrentOne? However you end up studying for the SAT (check out our guide to finding the best testing strategy for you), you will certainly use these two techniques: boosting weak skills by practicing many questions that test those skills simulating testing conditions by taking a full SAT test in one sitting Because the format and timing of the old test arefairly different, it can't really help you with test-day conditioning – use the currentSAT tests for that. But since many of the questions and question types remain the same, the old tests are excellent for honing individual skills. As much as possible, you should use official SAT tests from the College Board rather than those written by other companies. Because they have gone through the same writing and editing process as the questions you'll encounter on the actual test, these old tests come closest to reproducing what you will encounter on test day. Also, because they have been officially released by the College Board, there is no question about their quality. On the other hand, it's not always clear whether another company can sufficiently mimic the College Board's approach, style, or wording. By sticking with the official tests, you don’t have to worry about evaluating third-party work. Finally, please note: the SAT underwent a big redesign in 2005 as well. So when talking about the old tests below, I will say "pre-2005" and "post-2005" todifferentiate between the two old versions of the SAT. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Which Sections of Old SATs Should I Use to Study? Here’s a breakdown of all of the SAT sections, in order from least to greatest difference between the old and currenttests, as well as explanations abouthow you can effectively use older tests to study. Math Section The math section is the most unchanged. There is less geometry on the current SAT than on the old ones, and some basic trigonometry has been added. Also, there's now a no-calculator section. Current SATQuestion Types: a small number of trigonometry questions more questions about interpreting graphs and charts multiple-step questions based on a real-world scenario Old Questions to Study: Almost all math problems from old tests.There's no need to pick and choose very much, so feel free to study almost allmath questions you come across. Old Questions to Skip Entirely: Comparisons (pre-2005 tests).These are questions that ask you to compare the value of two boxes: Logic puzzles (all old tests).These are questions not directly based on math you learned in school. If you can confidently identify these types of questions, skip them because they donot appear on the currenttest. For example: After public resistance, the controversial new "do a long jump while computing the distance of your long jump" task has been tabled for now. Writing and Language Section The old Reading and Writing sections are now onesection called "Writing and Language." It still has questions about reading comprehension, grammar, and vocabulary. But all questions arepassage-based and rely on your ability to determine meaning from context. Current SAT Question Types: all reading questions are based on passages grammar and writing logic questions are also all passage-based some questions require interpreting data (in graph or chart form) Old Questions to Study: Passage-Based Reading (all old tests).The current-test version of these isnot exactly the same, but theyare still great practice for learning to quickly find the meaning and argument structure of a given passage. Improving Paragraphs (post-2005 tests). These ask you to read a passage and then edit its grammar and logic: Old Questions to Use to Brush Up on Key Concepts: The old isolated-sentence grammar and syntax questions are nowless helpful, but you can still use them to refresh your understanding of proper usage, grammar, and punctuation. Just don't use them as real test practice. Sentence Errors (post-2005 tests). These ask you to identify a grammar or punctuation mistake in an isolated sentence: Improving Sentences (post-2005 tests). These ask you to edit isolated sentences: Old Questions to Skip Entirely: Analogies (pre-2005 tests). These ask you to compare the relationships of paired words: Sentence Completions (post-2005 tests). These ask you to find the best words to fill blanks in sentences: Feel free to also skip any questions from the pre-1369 A.D. version of the SAT. The Essay Section The current essay is 50 minutes long, andit ismuch closer to the kind of analytical writing you've been doing in high school all along. The essay gives you a passage and thenasks you to write abouthow theauthor builds theargument.This is one place where the old tests simply will not help. Instead, you should brush up on your understanding of rhetorical devices, structure, and the uses of evidence. The study of rhetoric apparently involves both a book, an enormous fighting staff, and maybe... a feather on your head? You've been warned. Free Old Tests From the College Board Post-2005 Tests: SAT Practice Test (2013-2014)Test | Answers SAT Practice Test (2012-2013)Test | Answers SAT Practice Test (2007-2008)Test | Answers SAT Practice Test (2005)Test | Answers Pre-2005 Tests: SAT Practice Test (2004)Download | Answers SAT Practice Test (2003-2004)Download | Answers SAT Practice Test (May 2002)Download SAT Practice Test (October 2001)Download Other Potential Sources of Old SAT Tests The bookThe Official SAT Study Guide, Second Edition, which features 10 more official SAT tests from the College Board. The book is not free (it's currently $45 new on Amazon, though you can get it for much cheaper used). On the other hand, the internet is a vast and wondrous place, and you may be able to find slightly less authorized but nevertheless completely official old SAT tests if you poke around a little. Try searching for "free old SAT tests" and looking past the first couple of pages of Google results to the less commercial corners of the web. "Which corner isleast commercial?" asked the fly. "Try the middle," replied the spider. Conclusion Old SAT tests still have an important role to play as you study for the SAT. To simulate test-day conditions, definitelyuse currentofficial tests. Butold tests are perfect for extra practice with realistic reading passages and math questions. What’s Next? Wondering how best to study for the SAT? Download our dedicated guide to figuring out which SAT prep method is best for you. Worried that the SAT is not the right test for you altogether? Let us help you decide between the SAT and ACT by explaining which students should take which test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Essay Question Rewrite Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Essay Question Rewrite - Assignment Example As asserted by the author, it is for this reason that languages that rise out of pidgin do not suffer complications by â€Å"Dammit† moments (p 207). A8. As stated by the author, it is agreeable that communication would be much simpler if there were no evidentiary markers. Incidentally, humans’ need for expression and exchange leads to overgrowth of languages regardless of interests (p. 215). When their state is natural, acquisition of different languages is complicated by sludge and fluffs, specifically to those whose efforts are concerted towards overcoming these challenges. Communication between a huge group of different people can be made easier by simplifying languages to their lowest denominators. Better communication would bring better understanding and reduce hostility that commonly arises. It must, however, be noted that if these markers lacked in communication, it will be hard to distinguish the origins of different languages and what would remain after sometime would be the common elements. A10. As argued by McWholer in his book, the original context of a language is what sets a language’s tone and the tone cannot exist without it. Without the presence of tone infused words, originally languages still functioned. Presently it is by happenstances of accidental permutation that they occur. The importance of this argument is such that languages occur within a basic and defined set up that work with no superfluous structure variations. Such are foundational rules as they do not depend on tone or

The Use of Psychotropic Medication in Hospital Settings Research Paper

The Use of Psychotropic Medication in Hospital Settings - Research Paper Example From the study it was evident that the factor which was strongly associated with fall was medication. Other risk factors determined by the study were level of activity, age of the patient,confusion, depression, history of fall in the past. staff vigilance and number of inpatients in the ward. According to Blair and Gruman (p. 353), it is very important for the staff of the hospital to know that risk assessment for falls in elderly patients must be continuous because the status of risk can change quickly, especially if the patient is on some psychotropic medication. They opined that a fall prevention program must be present in all hospitals admitting elderly patients and nurses and other staff must be educated about strategies to prevent falls in that population. Another important aspect of medication is the inappropriate dosing of psychotropic medication which can increase the risk of falls. This aspect was studied by Peterson et al (p.802). The researchers studied the association be tween appropriateness of psychotropic medication and in-hospital fall rate. From the study, it was evident that inappropriate dosing of psychotropic medication is strongly associated with falls. As such, psychotropic medications are associated with several side effects including falls leading to hip fractures, over sedation and delirium. Geriatric patients who are vulnerable may suffer from various injuries disproportionate to the fall when on psychotropic agents because; these medications are used frequently, slow the rate of metabolism and decrease physiologic reserve (Peterson, p.803). According to a meta-analysis by Leipzig et al (cited in Riefkohl, p.726), psychotropic drugs are strongly associated with falls. The data for... From this paper it is clear that several medicines have been attributed to cause falls in the elderly population. In this regard, psychotropic medicines which are frequently administered for older people for various psychiatic and cognitive problems are studied widely and are known to increase the risk of falls. Medicines, especially psychotropic ones, cause orthostatic hypotension, confusion, oversedation, delirium, dizziness, cognitive changes and psychomotor impairment and thus contribute to falls. Other medications which can increase the risk of falls are diuretics, antihypertensives and cardiovascular medicines. In this research article, the association between use of psychotropic medications and falls in elderly people admitted to hospital settings will be studied through review of suitable literature.As the discussion highlights  inappropriate dosing of psychotropic medication is strongly associated with falls. As such, psychotropic medications are associated with several si de effects including falls leading to hip fractures, over sedation and delirium. Geriatric patients who are vulnerable may suffer from various injuries disproportionate to the fall when on psychotropic agents because; these medications are used frequently, slow the rate of metabolism and decrease physiologic reserve.  Falls are a major source of concern among elderly patients admitted to hospital. Several risk factors are present which can be assessed using risk assessment scales.

Film Analysis of final sequence in Se7en Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Analysis of final sequence in Se7en - Essay Example While Mills is controlling Doe at gunpoint, Doe talks about how much he admires Mills, but does not explain why. Somerset opens the box and shrinks back in horror at the scene of the contents in the box. He runs back to advise Mills not to pay attention to Doe, but the murderer discloses that the box has Mills wife’s head. Informing that he had bought information about Mills by pretending as a tabloid reporter, Doe declares that he symbolize the sin of "Envy" as he was envious of Mills ordinary life, and murdered Tracy after unable to "play husband" with her. He then torments the distressed Mills with the information that Tracy was expecting. Somerset is powerless to control Mills as he empties his gun into Doe, becoming the incarnation of "Wrath". After a  highly shaken and dazed Mills is taken away, Somerset is asked where he will be to which he answers, "around". The most significant scene in the clip is when Doe is inciting Mills and at the same time Somerset is trying t o reason with Mills. The two distinct but overlapping voices are playing in the background and finally Mills shoots Doe. Narrative Function - The last scene brings out the remaining two sin and two bodies as told by Doe to the police. The last scene connects the dot or clues which were spread over the entire movie. Doe craves for a normal life yet feels he has to do his duty of punishing the sinners. He sees that Mills is short tempered. Doe feels he himself is a sinner as he is envious of Mills’ life. The last scene shows three people behaving completely different from one another. The sequence makes it clear to the audience why Doe turned himself in. The sequence brings out very clearly the three different personalities. Here it is seen that Mills is an emotional person while Somerset is more stable and logical. Even in dire and extreme situations Somerset chooses to think and act. Doe on the other hand is clearly shown as the patient person, who

Computer Sciences and Information Technology Coursework

Computer Sciences and Information Technology - Coursework Example Outsourcing aids in mitigation of risks, through pieces of training to employees by professionals, outsourced on subjects as catastrophes, hazards and prevention methods, and hence there are minimal injuries. Due to competition amongst companies, research on new products and services is very crucial, this entails introduction of new processing lines, improvement in service delivery, analysis and testing of the new products among others, All these requires the input of a third party and it will involve outsourcing as the introduction of the new techniques requires professionals (Belohlavek, 2007). Insourcing is a business model in which a company awards a contract or give a certain task to its’ own employees and hence work that would have been done by a third party is done in-house. Through the use of its’ employees in carrying out functions, there is the creation of a team of skilled personnel who understands the system better, this ultimately improves the efficiency and tasks are done well and at the right time. Insourcing also aids in the reduction of the cost of labor as insourcing requires the input of permanent personnel employed by the firm (Belohlavek, 2007). I.T portfolio management system entails the use of scoring model systems in rating projects whereby a list of criteria is developed whereby projects are rated on each criterion to yield attractiveness scores for each project and hence projects can be rated in relation to the attractiveness scores. There are different kinds of scoring systems; Celanese scoring model, Dupont scoring model, Exfo model and computer-based scoring model. Scoring models are very important and they are a source of data which is utilized in meetings whereby project attractiveness is compared to cut off criterion, thereby in portfolio review stage the outputs used in ranking the projects.Lack of physical evidence when testifying jeopardise the computer crime cases, relying on second hand information or hearsay may bring forth doubts on the evidence presented. If an expert use difficult technical terms that are difficult to understand to the jury or attorney when testifying, understanding of the evidence presented may be difficult. Use of unqualified experts in testifying a computer crime case is a great challenge as the expert lacks the understanding of the subject matter and may end up presenting substandard evidence moreover he/she may be emotional if provocative questions are posed, moreover they hav e no knowledge on the legal process (Belohlavek, 2007).

A Critical Analysis of the Government Strategies for Attracting Dissertation

A Critical Analysis of the Government Strategies for Attracting Foreign Direct investment in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example FDI potential is measured by comparing the country’s FDI levels to its economic size. In this regard, Saudi Arabia ranked 138th out of 140 countries in terms of its FDI potential (UNCTAD, 2004). Closing the gap between FDI potential and actual FDI performance is very important to Saudi Arabia because under the leadership of King Abdullah, Saudi Arabian officials have made a commitment to attracting FDI to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia’s economic plans include the construction of large cities and the enhancement of Saudi Arabia’s global competitiveness. These economic strategies necessitate attracting FDI and foreign partnerships (Blanchard, 2009). In its efforts to liberalise FDI entrants Saudi Arabia repealed its previous investment law and replaced it with the Foreign Investment Law 2000. The new law created a new licensing authority for facilitating the processing and approval of FDIs: Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority (SAGIA) (Foreign Investment Law, 200 0). The idea is to make FDI entry easier and to reduce the time involved in establishing FDIs in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, corporate taxes were reduced from 45% to 30% (Hussein, 2009). This research study analyses the regulatory and policy strategies employed by Saudi Arabia to attract FDI inflows and to minimize FDI outflows with a view to identifying the extent to which these strategies are successful and can be improved to close the gap between FDI performance and FDI potential. ... usion 32 Recommendations 32 Conclusion 35 Bibliography 42 Chapter One Introduction to the Study Research Aims/Objectives Saudi Arabia’s new Foreign Investment Law 2000 is a liberalized approach for attracting FDIs. The new 2000 law is arguably a major improvement over its previous investment law. For instance, unlike the previous law, the 2000 law permits foreigners to own property and projects (Foreign Investment Law, 2000). With the creation of SAGIA, FDIs are processed faster and entrants have greater certainty relative to the FDI criteria for. Moreover, together with the European Union (EU), the US, China, Japan, South Africa and Brazil, Saudi Arabia is among the G20 leaders and has demonstrated a commitment to efficiently and effectively regulating its financial markets (Eichengreen & Baldwin, 2008). In the Middle East, Saudi Arabia’s regulation of its financial markets is among the region’s most advanced. Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia’s regulatory frame work contains a number of restrictions that have the potential to negatively influence FDI performance in Saudi Arabia (International Monetary Fund, 2006). The restrictions on FDIs reveal that although, FDI inflows are remarkable, they can be improved. The aims of this research are therefore to: Identify and analyse Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework with an emphasis on the Investment Law 2000. To identify and analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework. To determine why Saudi Arabia’s FDI performance is not commensurate with its FDI potential. To identify how and why Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework facilitates the gap between its FDI performance and its FDI potential. To identify Saudi Arabia’s FDI performance trends and its FDI potential. To

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example In addition, the company viewed offering the air service as an innovative and environmentally responsible industry driving at economic and social progress (Rochat, 2007). The fun campaign led by Keller and involving crews and all employees was an innovative way of making their flights a fun to all customers. Another factor behind the success was the cost cutting strategies which included contracting fleet maintenance and fuel supplies, fewer than average operators and crews in all its services, and the no frill policy was a different approach that ensured the company minimized its costs. Morrison (2001) elaborates how the low cost Carriers had to adopt some of the strategies used by Southwest to cut costs. Making employees as part of a larger family of Southwestern Airlines was perhaps the largest asset that the company utilized to succeed in the market. Brueckner, Lee & Singer (2012) elaborate one of the main characteristics of LCC as cutting costs while still charging very low fares compared to major airlines. The 10 to 15 turnaround therefore ensured Southwestern airline maximum usage of its fleet while carrying a below average or average number of customers per trip. In addition, the high turnaround ensured the business class customers could effectively use the company due to reliability, speed and effectiveness of reaching these destinations, including the ability to acquire a ticket in the airline’s gates and board the next flight to their destination. The high turnaround therefore translated to more customers due to reliability, and effectively utilizing the fleet, which increased the company’s profits. One of the challenges faced is flooding of other low cost carriers in the market with better services, the threat of terrorism rapidly increasing in air transportation making the turnaround required difficult to maintain, and rising fuel costs that may increase its operating costs in addition to the tantrums in global economy. According to

A Critical Analysis of the Government Strategies for Attracting Dissertation

A Critical Analysis of the Government Strategies for Attracting Foreign Direct investment in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example FDI potential is measured by comparing the country’s FDI levels to its economic size. In this regard, Saudi Arabia ranked 138th out of 140 countries in terms of its FDI potential (UNCTAD, 2004). Closing the gap between FDI potential and actual FDI performance is very important to Saudi Arabia because under the leadership of King Abdullah, Saudi Arabian officials have made a commitment to attracting FDI to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia’s economic plans include the construction of large cities and the enhancement of Saudi Arabia’s global competitiveness. These economic strategies necessitate attracting FDI and foreign partnerships (Blanchard, 2009). In its efforts to liberalise FDI entrants Saudi Arabia repealed its previous investment law and replaced it with the Foreign Investment Law 2000. The new law created a new licensing authority for facilitating the processing and approval of FDIs: Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority (SAGIA) (Foreign Investment Law, 200 0). The idea is to make FDI entry easier and to reduce the time involved in establishing FDIs in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, corporate taxes were reduced from 45% to 30% (Hussein, 2009). This research study analyses the regulatory and policy strategies employed by Saudi Arabia to attract FDI inflows and to minimize FDI outflows with a view to identifying the extent to which these strategies are successful and can be improved to close the gap between FDI performance and FDI potential. ... usion 32 Recommendations 32 Conclusion 35 Bibliography 42 Chapter One Introduction to the Study Research Aims/Objectives Saudi Arabia’s new Foreign Investment Law 2000 is a liberalized approach for attracting FDIs. The new 2000 law is arguably a major improvement over its previous investment law. For instance, unlike the previous law, the 2000 law permits foreigners to own property and projects (Foreign Investment Law, 2000). With the creation of SAGIA, FDIs are processed faster and entrants have greater certainty relative to the FDI criteria for. Moreover, together with the European Union (EU), the US, China, Japan, South Africa and Brazil, Saudi Arabia is among the G20 leaders and has demonstrated a commitment to efficiently and effectively regulating its financial markets (Eichengreen & Baldwin, 2008). In the Middle East, Saudi Arabia’s regulation of its financial markets is among the region’s most advanced. Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia’s regulatory frame work contains a number of restrictions that have the potential to negatively influence FDI performance in Saudi Arabia (International Monetary Fund, 2006). The restrictions on FDIs reveal that although, FDI inflows are remarkable, they can be improved. The aims of this research are therefore to: Identify and analyse Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework with an emphasis on the Investment Law 2000. To identify and analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework. To determine why Saudi Arabia’s FDI performance is not commensurate with its FDI potential. To identify how and why Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework facilitates the gap between its FDI performance and its FDI potential. To identify Saudi Arabia’s FDI performance trends and its FDI potential. To

Withholding and withdrawal of Medical treatment decisions from Case Study

Withholding and withdrawal of Medical treatment decisions from Children and neonates - Case Study Example Parents, doctors, the health care team have a common goal in ensuring good health and sustaining the life of children and neonates. Although advanced technology makes it possible to prolong life, prolonging life beyond a meaningful point in some neonatal and children's cases involves making difficult decisions on when and how life sustaining treatment is to be withheld or withdrawn. The Ethics Advisory Committee of the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health (EAC - RCPCH) has defined five categories in which the withholding or withdrawal of life sustaining medical treatment can be done.With holding or withdrawing does not even mean that the child will receive no care. Such a decision is followed by palliative care for the child. The withholding and withdrawing decisions is made by only experienced senior doctors. Clinical situations of these decisions include Non-resuscitation of a baby at birth with congenital abnormalities like anencephaly, making the child incompatible for su rvival; Non- resuscitation of a baby born with a gestational period of twenty three weeks or less making the baby neurologically impaired; withdrawal of ventilation from the baby with birth asphyxia leading to brain damage.The frequency of selective non treatment of extremely premature, critically or mal formed infants in Level III intensive care nursery (ICU) and the reasons documented by neonatologists for their decisions to withdraw or with hold life support has been well documented (Wall, 1997). They reviewed all the medical records of 165 infants who died at a level III (ICN) during 3 years. One hundred and eight infant deaths were found to be due to withdrawal of life support and thirteen deaths due to withhold of treatment. End of life decisions in new born with incurable diseases are difficult for pediatricians. In Netherlands, deliberate ending of life can be acceptable choice if a life full of severe and sustained suffering that cannot be relieved by any other means is expected of the child (Verhagen 2005). During a study for the period from January 1988 through December 1991, of 529 neonates admitted in Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 524 had been found dead of which 28 were due to the disease and 24 cases due to withdrawn or withheld treatment. In 15 of the 24, treatment was withdrawn due to severe congenital anomalies; in 9 of the 24, treatment was withdrawn because of serious complications. But in all the cases withdrawal was done unanimously after lengthy discussions between doctors, nurses and the parents (Hazebroek, 1993). Withdrawal of treatment in pediatric intensive care units accounts for between 43% and 72% of deaths in U.K (Mcmillan 2000). The Law:- All such professional decisions are done within the framework of law. The children Act (England and Wales 1989) safeguard the children's welfare. The Act also introduces the concept of parental responsibility. A number of judgments on withholding or withdrawing life sustaining treatment have proved that there is no obligation on part of the doctors to give treatment which is futile and burdensome and such a treatment could be treated as an assault. They have also given enough scope for the treatment goals to be changed in case of a dying child. These judgments have legalized the withdrawal of feeding and medical treatment In such cases in the best interests of the children. Withdrawal of life sustaining treatment in appropriate cases is not active killing, nor does it breach the article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Decision Making: Initially the medical team must wait for enough information about the clinical status of the child. The decision making process involves all members of the Health Care Team and the parents. In practice, a decision to withdraw treatment is usually a matter of consensus. However such major decisions always require a second opinion, legal as well as clinical.

Orthoses Intervention Essay Example for Free

Orthoses Intervention Essay Presently, there exists a wide variety of various clinical interventions which are on the market based on personal interest, experience and skills of every clinician. Accordingly, it has become intricate for the therapist and also the patient to select the most efficient treatment for their specific problem. Since all the people who work in the health sector are involved in being answerable for providing best tools and options for the most efficient intervention, clinicians have a challenge treat their patients with the most efficient available intervention. Research hypothesis The hypothesis formulated for this research is: †¢ Orthoses are a clinically successful Podiatric Intervention Disease selected for the research background information A patient suffering from Charcot-Marie-Tooth sickness was prescribed for an ankle-foot orthoses to assist his gait. The patient was an ardent bicyclist and sought an evaluation of the impact of orthoses on his ardent bicycling activities, and also his gait. The impact of three ankle-foot orthoses on the joint angles when bicycling and walking and, ankle torque as well as production of power during walking processes as well as heart rate when bicycling were calculated. The quantitative impacts of every AFO on walking and bicycling workings are then discussed in relation to the patients inclination. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) sickness is a genetic neuropathic illness which results in progressive degenerate of the muscles which are distal to the knee and commonly results in gait restrictions. Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) devices have been used and revealed to have constructive impact on the gait of patients who are suffering from ankle muscle weakness, which includes restitution of heel strike, enhanced management of plantar flexion subsequent to foot strike, normalizing of heel rise, improved thrust for the period of push-off, stabilizing of the knee when in stance, and reduction in unusual hip and knee flexion in the process of swinging. The design of AFO might as well influence gait movement in patients who have CMT sickness. In the present study, we shall assess the effects of three different kinds of AFOs on joint angles when walking and also when bicycling, the ankle torque as well as power production when walking, and the heart rate in the course of bicycling for an individual suffering from CMT. The research also discusses the association amid these effects as well as the patients liking for AFO variety for walking as well as bicycling. Methodology Subsequent to manufacture and the patient was fitted with AFOs , the patient was later requested to use the AFO as much as he could for walking as well as bicycling, he was also asked to decide which one of the braces he had used he favored for each different activity. When a period of a bout one month elapsed during which the patient was using the devices, the gait of the patient was evaluated without AFO and also with the three different AFOs. Another period of two weeks elapsed and the patients bicycling activity was assessed without the AFO at first and then with the three different AFOs afterwards. Results Gait speed The resulted indicated that, the pace of walking on the ground was quicker when using the no-AFO state (1. 09 m/s), then the solid ankle AFO state followed with (1. 04 m/s), and this was followed by the posterior trim AFOs and the prefabricated AFO (1. 01 m/s). The usual self-chosen adult walking pace ranges between 1. 33 m/s and 1. 51 m/s, (Pierson-Carey et al, 1997) so the patient’s walking pace was slower compared to the normal pace. The variations in pace amongst the three AFO states as well as the no-brace state are minute, however using the AFOs might have reduced the patients walking pace a little. Joint angles The key distinction in joint angles happened at the joint of the ankle during swing point with the utilization of solid ankle as well as posterior trim AFOs. It was observed that the prefabricated AFO had slight consequence on ankle joint angles when contrasted with the no-AFO state. During a foot strike where an AFO was not used and when the prefabricated AFO was used the results were that the ankle of the patient was plantar flexed. In addition, there was just a small upward angulation position of the foot comparative to the floor (Table1). But, when posterior trim AFO as well as solid ankle AFO were used, the ankle joint of the patient was observed to b in dorsiflexion at point of the foot strike with an additional normal heel strike. Ankle torque A person’s internal ankle torque production is due to a different muscle activity in the body inactive broadening of tissue, as well as restrictions due to the AFO and also the shoe. Contrasted with usual gait, every state resulted in a lot lesser torque production for dorsiflexion as well as plantar flexion (Figure 1). It was observed that, the solid ankle and posterior trim AFO conditions both resulted in dorsiflexion torques of longer period following foot strike when contrasted with the no-AFO as well as the prefabricated AFO states produced results which were inline with the ankle joint angle outcomes, which revealed a lot of heel strike with solid ankle as well as posterior trim AFO. Discussion It is commonly accepted that putting on ankle foot orthosis (AFO) can result in a positive impact on the gait in patient suffering from hemiplegia. The orthoses assist in a number of functions in ambulation which includes controlling dorsiflexion and also plantarlexion in stance as well as swing stages of gait. In addition, AFOs are believed to steady the ankle in ankle’s transverse and frontal planes in times of gait activities and balance. Pierson-Carey, et al (1997) however, points out that, traditionally, a normal metal (Bicaal) AFOs have in the past been researched to additional asses clinical observation on joint stability among patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth who use these devices Lehmann, et al (1986) observes that, in the process of the mid stance as well as propulsion stages of gait of the patient, the no-AFO as well as posterior trim AFO states led in lesser values of plantar flexion torque being produced when compared to solid ankle AFO or even the prefabricated AFO states. When in the mid stance point of gait of the patient, the plantar flexors usually offer restrictions to forward movement of the tibia, while the foot of the patient remains rooted on the ground. In the propulsion stage the plantar flexors usually operate to bring fourth heel rise as well as plantar flexion of the patient. Solid ankle AFO as well as the prefabricated AFO were observed to be more efficient in offering plantar flexion torque (restriction to dorsiflexion) when in these stages. On the while the posterior trim AFO was formulated to give restriction to plantar flexion and not resist dorsiflexion, as a result it was not as efficient to provide to plantar flexion torque in these stages. Conclusions This research has concluded that, using the posterior trim as well as solid ankle AFOs when walking reduced the extreme hip and knee flexion of an individual. It also reduces the ankle plantar flexion in the process of swinging. However, there were no significant modifications during stance period. The patient in the case study was conscious of these encouraging transformations in his gait when using the AFOs. Nevertheless these transformations were not important enough to result in him using AFOs in every circumstance, and as such the patient used them merely in circumstances in when the look of his own gait was imperative to him only. When the patient indeed used AFOs for walking, the patient favored the posterior trim AFO compared to the solid ankle AFO since it fit him better than the posterior trim into his dress shoes. When cycling his bicycle, usage of the different AFOs reduced the inclination toward extreme dorsiflexion when performing the downward stroke and the solid ankle AFO was observed as the most efficient. Consequently the patient favored to using solid ankle AFO when cycling, however the patient did not detect any variation in the cycling speed on his normal road bicycle when using solid ankle AFO. However as Lehmann (1993) notes not any of the AFOs attested to be better in walking process or cycling activities, as such the patient favored to using dissimilar AFOs for these activities. More research would be required integrating diverse AFO designs, equipment, and positions, to establish if it is probable to formulate one particular AFO which optimizes the patient’s walking as well as bicycling effectiveness. Extra outcome procedures, which include oxygen expenditure and ankle power assessments when cycling, might assist to better discern amongst variations in performance which are attributed to the using of diverse AFOs.

Charles Darwin Essay -- Biography Biographies

Charles Darwin was a man who shaped the way in which we think about evolution in modern times. He brought forth and described the theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. To fully understand modern evolutionary thoughts it is necessary for one to completely understand the early theories of Charles Darwin. In this paper I will provide the reader with a complete background on Charles Darwin, describe his voyage on the HMS Beagle, and discuss his theory of natural selection. Charles Robert Darwin, the founder of evolution, was born on February 12, 1809 in rural England. Charles was the son of Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgewood. His mother died when he was seven and his father died when Charles was thirty-nine. Until the age of eight, Charles was educated at home by his sister Caroline. Charles soon thereafter developed a fascination for biology and natural history. The young student began to hoard, collecting anything that captured his interest, from shells and rocks, to insects and birds. Darwin’s beetle collecting while at Cambridge seems to have been a little more than collecting. His collecting began to control all of his time, and eventually his thoughts. But they proved very useful once on board the Beagle. (Freeman 91) His hobbies laid the framework for a wonderful life of discovery. In 1825, Robert sent Charles to Edinburgh Medical School to follow in the footsteps of Eras (Charles’ brother) and himself. It was at Edinburgh that Charles discovered that medicine was not in his future. Charles was extremely squeamish and hated working on cadavers. This sent Charles back to his old ways of collecting and dissecting animals and bugs. Meanwhile, while attending Edinburgh, Darwin was also receiving instruction on taxidermy. This also proved useful on board the Beagle. Also, while attending Edinburgh Darwin became familiar with the evolutionary theories of Lamarck. Darwin gave up his education at Edinburgh after his second year studying medicine, without a degree. Next, Dr. Darwin sent his son to the University of Cambridge to study religion. It was at Cambridge that Darwin developed his new obsessive fascination, entomology (especially with beetles). He struggled through his first three years, but in his fourth he pulled himself together. Charles gra duated in 1831 from Cambridge and began to look for a job with... ...n a subject which the public had relatively no knowledge of. He described the way in which an individual of a species reproduced and genetically passed on variations. The species that adapted through variation was the one who survived. This is where the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest† came from. As pointed out, Charles Darwin was a man ahead of his time, and his work laid the structural basis for how we now look at evolution. On the last page of Origin of the Species, Darwin summarizes his findings, â€Å"as Natural Selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection†. Works Cited: Barnett, Samuel A. A Century of Darwin. New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1969. Campbell, Bernard. Human Evolution. Chicago/New York: Aldine and Atherton, 1970. Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection. 1859. Gribben, John and Michael White. Darwin: A Life in Science. New York: Dutton, 1995. Jurmain, Robert; et al. Essentials of Physical Anthropology. International: West/Wadsworth, 1997. Sears, Paul B. Charles Darwin. New York: Scribner’s Sons LTD, 1950.